Simulation-based bronchoscopy training: Randomized trial comparing worked example to video introduction.

INTRODUCTION: Learning the complex skill of bronchoscopy involves the integration of cognitive domains and motor skills. The development of simulators has opened up new possibilities in bronchoscopy training. This study aimed at evaluating how effective the modeling example methodology is in training this skill and assessed its effect on cognitive load in learning. METHODS: Forty-seven medical students participating in a simulator-based bronchoscopy training program were randomly allocated to a control group, receiving a video lesson, and the modeling example group. They were evaluated by the simulator's metrics at different time points: pre-, posttest, and 15 days and 12 months after training. Cognitive load was assessed with the modified Paas scale. RESULTS: Simulation-based training was effective for both groups, based on simulator metrics (p < .05). The modeling example group outperformed the control group in all measures at posttest and after 15 days (p < .001). After 12 months, there was a decline in skill in both groups, but the modeling example group performed better (p < .001). Simulation-based training reduced cognitive load, more strongly so in the modeling example group (p < .001). CONCLUSION: The modeling example group showed substantial benefits over the control group, both in reducing the cognitive load in learning and in retaining knowledge and skill after 15 days and 12 months.

Practical approach lung health-global alliance against chronic respiratory diseases (PAL-GARD) initiative in Brazil.

Background: To evaluate the impact of training primary care physicians (PCPs) in the use of the practical approach lung health-global alliance against chronic respiratory diseases (PAL-GARD) upon their diagnostic skills. Methods: In this real-life three-phase study, PCPs were allocated to a PAL-GARD training or control group. Patients who sought a primary care health facility due to cough, dyspnea and/or wheezing were eligible. The clinical diagnoses made by PCPs during the baseline and post-intervention phase were audited by a panel of pulmonologists. Kappa inter-rater statistics was used to compare agreement between PCPs and pulmonologists. Results: Thirty PCPs evaluated 536 patients, 358 in the intervention and 178 in the control group. According to Kappa, there was an increase in the agreement in the diagnosis of asthma (from 0.546 to 0.638), tuberculosis (from 0.393 to 0.655) and acute respiratory infections (ARI) (from 0.577 to 0.584) was observed in the PAL-GARD group, but there was a reduction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (from 0.430 to 0.284). Conclusions: In this setting, PAL-GARD-based guide and training improved the clinical diagnosis of common respiratory diseases with the exception of COPD.

Risk factors for central venous catheter-related infections in a neonatal population - systematic review / Fatores de risco para infecção associada a cateteres venosos centrais em população neonatal - revisão sistemática

Abstract Objective: This was a systematic review of the incidence density and risk factors for central venous catheter-related infections in a neonatal population. Data source: The MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, BDENF, SciELO, and LILACS databases were used without date or language restriction. Studies that analyzed risk factors for bloodstream infections in newborns were identified. Data synthesis: A total of 134 articles were found that met the eligibility criteria. Of these articles, 14 were selected that addressed risk factors for central venous catheter-related infection in neonates. Catheter-related bloodstream infections remain an important complication, as shown by the incidence rates reported in the studies included in this review. The observed risk factors indicate that low birth weight, prematurity, and longer catheter permanence are related to a higher incidence of bloodstream infections. It has been observed that low rates of catheter-related infections, i.e., close to zero, are already a reality in health institutions in developed countries, since they use infection surveillance and control programs. Conclusion: Catheter-related bloodstream infections still show high incidence density rates in developing countries. The authors emphasize the need for further longitudinal studies and the need for better strategies to prevent risk factors, aiming at the reduction of catheter-related infections.

Resumo Objetivo: Revisão sistemática sobre a densidade de incidência e de fatores de risco para infecção associada a cateter venoso central em população neonatal. Fontes dos dados: Usaram-se os bancos de dados Medline, Embase, Cochrane, Bdenf, Scielo e Lilacs, sem restrição de data ou de idioma. Identificaram-se os estudos que analisaram fatores de risco para infecção da corrente sanguínea em recém-nascidos. Síntese dos dados: Foram encontrados 134 artigos conforme os critérios de elegibilidade. Desses, foram selecionados 14 que abordaram fatores de risco para infecção associada a cateter venoso central em neonatos. A infecção da corrente sanguínea associada a cateter continua a mostrar-se como uma importante complicação, conforme demonstram as taxas de incidência relatadas nos estudos incluídos nesta revisão. Os fatores de risco observados apontam que baixo peso ao nascer, prematuridade e maior tempo de permanência do cateter estão relacionados a maior incidência de infecção da corrente sanguínea. Observou-se que taxas de infecção associada a cateter em valores baixos, próximos a zero, já são uma realidade em instituições de saúde de países desenvolvidos, uma vez que usam programas de vigilância e controle de infecção. Conclusão: A infecção da corrente sanguínea associada a cateter ainda apresenta altas taxas de densidade de incidência em países em desenvolvimento. Destaca-se a necessidade de mais estudos longitudinais e a necessidade de melhores estratégias de prevenção dos fatores de risco para a redução de infecção associada a cateter.

Risk factors for central venous catheter-related infections in a neonatal population - systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: This was a systematic review of the incidence density and risk factors for central venous catheter-related infections in a neonatal population. DATA SOURCE: The MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, BDENF, SciELO, and LILACS databases were used without date or language restriction. Studies that analyzed risk factors for bloodstream infections in newborns were identified. DATA SYNTHESIS: A total of 134 articles were found that met the eligibility criteria. Of these articles, 14 were selected that addressed risk factors for central venous catheter-related infection in neonates. Catheter-related bloodstream infections remain an important complication, as shown by the incidence rates reported in the studies included in this review. The observed risk factors indicate that low birth weight, prematurity, and longer catheter permanence are related to a higher incidence of bloodstream infections. It has been observed that low rates of catheter-related infections, i.e., close to zero, are already a reality in health institutions in developed countries, since they use infection surveillance and control programs. CONCLUSION: Catheter-related bloodstream infections still show high incidence density rates in developing countries. The authors emphasize the need for further longitudinal studies and the need for better strategies to prevent risk factors, aiming at the reduction of catheter-related infections.

Impulse oscillometry in the assessment of asthmatic children and adolescents: from a narrative to a systematic review.

Diagnosis and management of asthma often relies mostly on symptoms because spirometry is not always reliable in some age groups, such as preschoolers. It is unclear whether impulse oscillometry (IOS) can supplement or replace spirometry. Available reports suggest that IOS has been applied with success in asthmatic children and adolescents to assess exacerbations, level of control, severity and response to treatment in the short and long term. Very few studies using adequate sample sizes and methods have been performed comparing the accuracy of IOS to spirometry for the diagnosis of asthma. Our systematic review found only four studies that met the eligibility criteria. However, no meta-analysis was possible with the available data. Consequently, this review helps to identify research gaps involving IOS, highlighting opportunities for future studies.

Exacerbation of asthma and airway infection: is the virus the villain? / Exacerbação da asma e infecção das vias aéreas: o vírus é o vilão?

OBJECTIVE: To review the available literature on the association between acute viral respiratory tract infection and the onset of asthma exacerbations, identifying the most prevalent viruses, detection methods, as well as preventive and therapeutic aspects. SOURCES: A search was conducted in PubMed, Lilacs, and SciELO databases, between the years 2002 and 2013, using the following descriptors: asthma exacerbation, virus, child, and acute respiratory infection. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: A total of 42 Original Articless addressing the identification of respiratory viruses during episodes of asthma exacerbation were selected, mostly cross-sectional studies. There was a wide variation in the methodology of the assessed studies, particularly in relation to the children's age and methods of collection and viral detection. The results indicate that, in up to 92.2% of exacerbations, a viral agent was potentially the main triggering factor, and human rhinovirus was the most frequently identified factor. The pattern of viral circulation may have been responsible for the seasonality of exacerbations. The association between viral infections and allergic inflammation appears to be crucial for the clinical and functional uncontrolled asthma, but few studies have evaluated other triggering factors in association with viral infection. CONCLUSIONS: Respiratory viruses are present in the majority of asthmatic children during episodes of exacerbation. The involved physiopathological mechanisms are yet to be fully established, and the synergism between allergic inflammation and viral infection appears to determine uncontrolled disease. The role of other triggering and protective agents is yet to be clearly determined. .

OBJETIVO: Rever a literatura disponível sobre a relação entre infecção viral aguda do trato respiratório e o desencadeamento de exacerbações da asma, identificando os vírus mais prevalentes, os métodos de detecção, bem como os aspectos preventivos e terapêuticos. FONTE DOS DADOS : Foi realizada uma busca nas bases de dados PubMed, SciELO e Lilacs utilizando os descritores: asma, exacerbação, vírus, criança e infecção respiratória aguda, entre os anos de 2002 e 2013. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Foram selecionados 42 artigos originais que tratavam da identificação de vírus respiratórios durante episódios de exacerbação da asma, em sua maioria estudos transversais. Houve ampla variação na metodologia dos trabalhos avaliados, principalmente em relação à idade das crianças e métodos de coleta e detecção viral. Os resultados apontam que, em até 92,2% das exacerbações, um agente viral foi potencialmente o principal fator desencadeante, sendo o rinovírus humano o mais identificado. O padrão de circulação viral pode ter sido responsável pela sazonalidade das exacerbações. A associação entre infecção viral e inflamação alérgica parece ser determinante para levar ao descontrole clínico-funcional da asma, porém poucos estudos avaliaram outros fatores desencadeantes em associação com a infecção viral. CONCLUSÕES: Os vírus respiratórios estão presentes na maioria das crianças asmáticas durante os episódios de exacerbação. Os mecanismos fisiopatológicos envolvidos ainda não estão totalmente estabelecidos e o sinergismo entre a inflamação alérgica e infecção viral parece ...

Exacerbation of asthma and airway infection: is the virus the villain?

OBJECTIVE: To review the available literature on the association between acute viral respiratory tract infection and the onset of asthma exacerbations, identifying the most prevalent viruses, detection methods, as well as preventive and therapeutic aspects. SOURCES: A search was conducted in PubMed, Lilacs, and SciELO databases, between the years 2002 and 2013, using the following descriptors: asthma exacerbation, virus, child, and acute respiratory infection. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: A total of 42 original articles addressing the identification of respiratory viruses during episodes of asthma exacerbation were selected, mostly cross-sectional studies. There was a wide variation in the methodology of the assessed studies, particularly in relation to the children's age and methods of collection and viral detection. The results indicate that, in up to 92.2% of exacerbations, a viral agent was potentially the main triggering factor, and human rhinovirus was the most frequently identified factor. The pattern of viral circulation may have been responsible for the seasonality of exacerbations. The association between viral infections and allergic inflammation appears to be crucial for the clinical and functional uncontrolled asthma, but few studies have evaluated other triggering factors in association with viral infection. CONCLUSIONS: Respiratory viruses are present in the majority of asthmatic children during episodes of exacerbation. The involved physiopathological mechanisms are yet to be fully established, and the synergism between allergic inflammation and viral infection appears to determine uncontrolled disease. The role of other triggering and protective agents is yet to be clearly determined.

Pre and perinatal aspects of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the incidence of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung (CCAM) at birth; to evaluate prenatal and perinatal history, association with clinical and sociodemographic variables and concordance between CT scan results and anatomopathology studies. METHOD: Descriptive study based on the registry of malformed newborns, deliveries and patients records between August 1990 and November 2010. Ultrasonic, clinical, imaging and anatomopathologic information were studied. Association studies were made using chi-square test. Kappa was used to correlate CT scan to anatomopathology results. RESULTS: The incidence was 1:1980 (25/49 503). The mean gestational age for detection by ultrasonography was 24 ± 3.7 weeks. There were progression of the lesions in 11 cases (44%), stability in 6 (24%) and regression in 8 (32%). Three cases of CCAM followed due to polyhydramnios/hydrops died. There were neither familial cases nor association with sex, weight, age or maternal parity (p > 0.15). Radiographic abnormalities were found in 22/23 studied patients. The correspondence between CT scan and anatomopathologic was 0.77 (Kappa). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence was higher than the one described in the literature, probably, because it is a reference center in fetal medicine. The prenatal lesion involution rate was 32%, an intermediate proportion. There was good concordance between CT scan and anatomopathologic results. The polyhydramnios/hydrops were predictive of worst prognosis.

Feasibility and reproducibility of spirometry and inductance plethysmography in healthy Brazilian preschoolers.

RATIONALE: Preschoolers show peculiarities that reinforce the importance of assessing their pulmonary function. However, there are few data on the success rate and between-occasions reproducibility of pulmonary function tests in preschoolers, particularly in the Brazilian population. OBJECTIVE: To assess the success rate and between-occasions reproducibility of the variables obtained by spirometry and respiratory inductive plethysmography in healthy children aged 4-6 years. METHODS: Breathing pattern was assessed by plethysmography (tidal volume-V(T), respiratory rate-f, inspiratory duty cycle-Ti/Ttot, mean respiratory flow-V(T)/Ti, displacement of the rib cage-RC and phase relation during the total breath-PhRTB) and spirometry (forced vital capacity-FVC, forced expiratory volume in 0.5 sec-FEV0.5 and forced expiratory volume in first second-FEV1) in 47 healthy children, aged 4-6 years. To evaluate between-occasions reproducibility, 10 children (according to the sample size calculation) were reassessed after 3 weeks. Between-occasions reproducibility was evaluated by paired t-test, considering significant P < 0.05, Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and coefficient of variation of method error (CV(ME)). RESULTS: The results showed an 83% success rate for spirometry and a 98% success rate for plethysmography. Regarding reproducibility, there were no significant differences between the variables of any test. Spirometry ICC was above 0.80 and the CV(ME) was lower than 10%. The plethysmography ICC was between 0.61 and 0.95, and the CV(ME) was between 2% and 31%. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest a high success rate in performing the pulmonary function tests and good between-occasions reproducibility for spirometry and plethysmography in healthy preschoolers.

Comparison of diagnostic methods for pancreatic insufficiency in infants with cystic fibrosis.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study is to compare daily weight gain and laboratory analysis (72-hour fecal fat and steatocrit) with fecal elastase-1 (EL-1) when diagnosing pancreatic insufficiency (PI) in infants with cystic fibrosis (CF). METHODS: A total of 39 infants with CF, diagnosed consecutively by newborn screening at 2 referral centers, were included in the study. Daily weight gain and results of laboratory analysis of stool samples were compared using the κ coefficient and the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve. RESULTS: Using the criterion of low daily weight gain, the frequency of PI was 92.3%; using the 72-hour fecal fat, steatocrit, and fecal EL-1 tests, the frequency was 42.3%, 86.2%, and 84.6%, respectively. EL-1 was used as the reference test. It was observed that the criteria of low daily weight gain (<50th percentile) and abnormal steatocrit, used together, showed the highest sensitivity (91.3%) and specificity (83.3%) for the diagnosis of PI. CONCLUSIONS: When fecal EL-1 analysis is not immediately available, low daily weight gain associated with abnormal steatocrit can be adopted as a criterion for initiating pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy in infants with CF; however, EL-1 testing should be performed later for confirmation of PI.

Prevalence of hyponatremia at diagnosis and factors associated with the longitudinal variation in serum sodium levels in infants with cystic fibrosis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of hyponatremia at diagnosis in patients with cystic fibrosis and identify the factors associated with changes in serum sodium concentration over time. STUDY DESIGN: This longitudinal study investigated whether variations in serum sodium concentration were associated with age, diet, infection status, and climate/temperature. Multivariate analysis was performed using the random-effects model for longitudinal data. RESULTS: Hyponatremia at diagnosis was observed in 19 of the 20 patients (95%). Factors identified as associated with variations in serum sodium concentration were diet (P = .008) and climate/temperature (P = .005). Intake of solid foods appeared to greatly increase the serum sodium concentration (increase of 5 mEq/L after introduction of solid foods); however, a confounding factor between diet and age cannot be definitively ruled out. Climate/temperature contributed in an inverse way; a 1°C-increase in ambient temperature was associated with a 0.5-mEq/L decrease in serum sodium concentration. CONCLUSION: Infants with cystic fibrosis who feed on breast milk or formula and live in a high-temperature environment are at increased risk for hyponatremia, even when receiving a higher salt intake in accordance with recommendations.

Broncodilatadores / Bronchodilators

Broncodilatadores agem através de seu efeito direto relaxante sobre a célula muscular lisa. Eles pertencem a três classes farmacológicas: agonistas dos receptores β2-adrenérgicos, metilxantinas e antagonistas muscarínicos (ou anticolinérgicos inalatórios). Quando usados pela via inalatória, os beta 2 agonistas e os antagonistas muscarínicos têm ação mais rápida com menos efeitos sistêmicos. Os broncodilatadores de ação rápida são mais usados no tratamento de alívio dos sinto-mas agudos enquanto os de ação prolongada são melhor usados no tratamento de manutenção. Os β2-agonistas são os bronco dilatadores mais usados no tratamento da asma. Os anticolinérgicos têm início de ação mais lento e menos efeitosobre a função pulmonar, quando comparados aos beta 2 agonistas, sendo mais usados no tratamento de portadores de doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC). O emprego das metilxantinas no tratamento regular é limitado por seusefeitos tóxicos potencialmente perigosos. Os β2-agonistas de curta e de longa duração, junto com os corticosteroides inalatórios, constituem o pilar terapêutico da asma nos doentes com a asma mal controlada com o uso isolado de corti-costeróide inalatório

Risk factors and preventive measures for catheter-related bloodstream infections.

OBJECTIVE: To review the risk factors of central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection and the recommendations for its prevention. SOURCES: PubMed, Cochrane Collaboration and Bireme were reviewed using the following inclusion criteria: studies published between 2000 and 2010, study design, hospitalized pediatric population with central venous catheters and studies about central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection. In addition, reference documents were retrieved from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: Associated risk factors were: duration of central venous catheter use; length of hospitalization time; long-term indwelling central venous catheter; insertion of central venous catheter in intensive care unit; nonoperative cardiovascular disease; parenteral nutrition; and administration of blood products. The preventive measures recommended by studies in the literature are: development of records and multidisciplinary guidelines of care for central venous catheter insertion and maintenance; correct use of central venous catheter insertion technique; use of chlorhexidine-impregnated dressings; early catheter removal; and adoption of continued education programs for the healthcare team. CONCLUSION: The control of risk factors may lead to a reduction of 40% or greater in the incidence of catheter-related bloodstream infection. Insertion surveillance and special attention to central venous catheter in pediatric populations should guide the standardization of healthcare routines to achieve standards for comparisons within and between institutions.

Risk factors and preventive measures for catheter-related bloodstream infections / Fatores de risco e medidas preventivas das infecções associadas a cateteres venosos centrais

OBJETIVO: Rever os fatores de risco para infecção associada a cateteres venosos centrais e as recomendações para a sua prevenção. FONTES DOS DADOS: Foram revisados artigos publicados sobre o tema no PubMed, Cochrane Collaboration e Bireme. Os seguintes critérios de inclusão foram levados em consideração: trabalhos publicados entre 2000 e 2010, delineamento do estudo, população pediátrica hospitalizada com utilização de cateteres venosos centrais e artigos sobre infecção associada a cateteres venosos centrais. Além disso, foram utilizados documentos de referência dos Centers for Disease Control and Prevention e da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Os fatores de risco associados foram: tempo de utilização de acesso central, duração da internação e uso de cateter central de longa permanência, colocação de cateter venoso central em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, doença cardiovascular não cirúrgica, recebimento de nutrição parenteral e de transfusão de hemoderivados. Entre as medidas preventivas, a literatura recomenda a implementação de protocolos e diretrizes multidisciplinares de cuidados na inserção e manutenção dos cateteres centrais, cuidados com a técnica de inserção dos cateteres venosos centrais, utilização de curativos impregnados com clorexidina, retirada precoce do cateter e adoção de programas de educação continuada para a equipe assistencial. CONCLUSÃO: O controle dos fatores de risco pode levar a uma redução igual ou superior a 40% na incidência dessas infecções. A vigilância do processo de inserção e cuidados com os cateteres vasculares centrais na população pediátrica orienta a padronização de rotinas dos serviços de saúde para a obtenção de taxas de referência para comparação intra e interinstitucionais.

OBJECTIVE: To review the risk factors of central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection and the recommendations for its prevention. SOURCES: PubMed, Cochrane Collaboration and Bireme were reviewed using the following inclusion criteria: studies published between 2000 and 2010, study design, hospitalized pediatric population with central venous catheters and studies about central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection. In addition, reference documents were retrieved from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: Associated risk factors were: duration of central venous catheter use; length of hospitalization time; long-term indwelling central venous catheter; insertion of central venous catheter in intensive care unit; nonoperative cardiovascular disease; parenteral nutrition; and administration of blood products. The preventive measures recommended by studies in the literature are: development of records and multidisciplinary guidelines of care for central venous catheter insertion and maintenance; correct use of central venous catheter insertion technique; use of chlorhexidine-impregnated dressings; early catheter removal; and adoption of continued education programs for the healthcare team. CONCLUSION: The control of risk factors may lead to a reduction of 40% or greater in the incidence of catheter-related bloodstream infection. Insertion surveillance and special attention to central venous catheter in pediatric populations should guide the standardization of healthcare routines to achieve standards for comparisons within and between institutions.

Impact of an asthma management program on hospitalizations and emergency department visits.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the frequency of hospitalizations and emergency department visits of children and adolescents before and after the enrollment in an asthma program. METHODS: Medical records of 608 asthmatics younger than 15 years were assessed retrospectively. The frequency of hospitalizations and emergency department visits caused by exacerbations were evaluated before and after enrollment in an asthma program. Patients were treated with medications and a wide prophylactic management program based on the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). The before asthma program (BAP) period included 12 months before enrollment, whereas the after asthma program (AAP) period ranged from 12 to 56 months after enrollment. RESULTS: In the BAP period, there were 895 hospitalizations and 5,375 emergency department visits, whereas in the AAP period, there were 180 and 713, respectively. This decrease was significant in all statistical analyses (p = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS: Compliance with the GINA recommendations led to a significant decrease in the frequency of hospitalizations and emergency department visits in children and adolescents with asthma.

Impacto de um programa de manejo da asma sobre as hospitalizações e os atendimentos de urgência / Impact of an asthma management program on hospitalizations and emergency department visits

OBJETIVOS: Analisar as frequências de hospitalização e de atendimentos em serviços de urgência ocorridas em crianças e adolescentes antes e após o ingresso em programa de asma no Brasil. MÉTODOS: Prontuários de 608 pacientes menores de 15 anos e com asma foram avaliados retrospectivamente. As frequências de hospitalização por asma e de atendimentos em serviços de urgência para episódios agudos de broncoespasmo foram avaliadas nos períodos anterior e posterior à admissão no programa que disponibiliza medicamentos, preconiza abordagem integral do paciente e manejo profilático de acordo com a Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). O período de observação antes do programa (AP) teve a duração de 12 meses enquanto o depois do programa (DP) variou de 12 a 36 meses. RESULTADOS: No período AP, ocorreram 895 hospitalizações e 5.375 atendimentos em serviços de urgência, e no período DP, ocorreram 180 hospitalizações e 713 atendimentos na urgência. O teste t de Student para amostras pareadas e o modelo de regressão para observações dependentes identificaram efeito significativo do programa em relação às variáveis estudadas (p = 0,000). CONCLUSÕES: A adoção das recomendações do GINA levou à redução significativa nas frequências de hospitalização e atendimentos na urgência em crianças e adolescentes com asma.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the frequency of hospitalizations and emergency department visits of children and adolescents before and after the enrolment in an asthma program. METHODS: Medical records of 608 asthmatics younger than 15 years were assessed retrospectively. The frequency of hospitalizations and emergency department visits caused by exacerbations were evaluated before and after enrolment in an asthma program. Patients were treated with medications and a wide prophylactic management program based on the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). The before asthma program (BAP) period included 12 months before enrollment, whereas the after asthma program (AAP) period ranged from 12 to 56 months after enrollment. RESULTS: In the BAP period, there were 895 hospitalizations and 5,375 emergency department visits, whereas in the AAP period, there were 180 and 713, respectively. This decrease was significant in all statistical analyses (p = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS: Compliance with the GINA recommendations led to a significant decrease in the frequency of hospitalizations and emergency department visits in children and adolescents with asthma.

Bronquiolite obliterante pós-infecciosa em crianças / Post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans in children

OBJETIVOS: Revisar os trabalhos publicados sobre os principais aspectos da bronquiolite obliterante pós-infecciosa, relacionados com sua história, etiologia, epidemiologia, fatores de risco, patogenia, alterações histológicas, manifestações clínicas, exames complementares, critérios diagnósticos, diagnóstico diferencial, tratamento e prognóstico. FONTES DOS DADOS: Realizou-se uma revisão não sistemática nas bases de dados MEDLINE e LILACS, selecionando-se 66 referências mais relevantes. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Na bronquiolite obliterante pós-infecciosa ocorre lesão do epitélio respiratório, e a gravidade clínica está relacionada aos diferentes graus de lesão e ao processo inflamatório. O diagnóstico baseia-se no quadro clínico, na exclusão dos principais diagnósticos diferenciais e no auxílio dos exames complementares. A tomografia computadorizada de alta resolução, principalmente com imagens em inspiração e expiração, possibilta a avaliação das pequenas vias aéreas. As provas de função pulmonar caracterizam-se por padrão obstrutivo fixo com redução acentuada do FEF25-75 por cento. O tratamento não está bem estabelecido, e o uso de corticoides tem sido preconizado em forma de pulsoterapia ou por via inalatória em elevadas doses, no entanto, os dados da literatura a respeito de sua eficácia ainda são escassos. O prognóstico a longo prazo é variável, podendo haver melhora clínica ou evolução para insuficiência respiratória crônica e óbito. CONCLUSÃO: A bronquiolite obliterante pós-infecciosa é uma doença que cursa com elevada morbidade e deve ser abordada por equipe multidisciplinar com acompanhamento em longo prazo.

OBJECTIVES: To review publications about the main features of post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans and its history, etiology, epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, histological findings, clinical presentation, complementary tests, diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. SOURCES: Non-systematic review of MEDLINE and LILACS databases and selection of 66 most relevant studies. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: In the post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans there is an insult to respiratory epithelial cells, and its clinical severity is associated with the degree of lesion and inflammation. Diagnosis is made according to clinical signs and symptoms, by exclusion of main differential diagnoses and with the aid of complementary tests. High resolution CT, particularly images obtained during inspiration and expiration, provide information for the evaluation of the small airways. Pulmonary function tests show fixed airway obstructions and marked decrease of FEF25-75 percent. Treatment has not been definitely established, and corticoids have been administered as pulse therapy or by inhalation of high doses of steroids. However, data about its efficacy are scarce in the literature. Long-term prognosis is variable, and there might be either clinical improvement or deterioration into respiratory insufficiency and death. CONCLUSION: Post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans is a disease with a high morbidity rate; it should be treated by a multidisciplinary team, and patients should be followed up for a long period of time.

Post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans in children.

OBJECTIVE: To review publications about the main features of post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans and its history, etiology, epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, histological findings, clinical presentation, complementary tests, diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. SOURCES: Non-systematic review of MEDLINE and LILACS databases and selection of 66 most relevant studies. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: In the post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans there is an insult to respiratory epithelial cells, and its clinical severity is associated with the degree of lesion and inflammation. Diagnosis is made according to clinical signs and symptoms, by exclusion of main differential diagnoses and with the aid of complementary tests. High resolution CT, particularly images obtained during inspiration and expiration, provide information for the evaluation of the small airways. Pulmonary function tests show fixed airway obstructions and marked decrease of FEF25-75%. Treatment has not been definitely established, and corticoids have been administered as pulse therapy or by inhalation of high doses of steroids. However, data about its efficacy are scarce in the literature. Long-term prognosis is variable, and there might be either clinical improvement or deterioration into respiratory insufficiency and death. CONCLUSION: Post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans is a disease with a high morbidity rate; it should be treated by a multidisciplinary team, and patients should be followed up for a long period of time.

O impacto do tratamento fonoaudiológico no controle da asma e da rinite alérgica em crianças e adolescentes respiradores orais / The impact of speech therapy on asthma and allergic rhinitis control in mouth breathing children and adolescents

OBJETIVO: Detectar o impacto do tratamento fonoaudiológico no controle da asma e da rinite alérgica em crianças e adolescentes respiradores orais. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo quase-experimental; foram randomizados 24 pacientes com asma, rinite alérgica e respiração oral, idade de 6 a 15 anos. Todos os pacientes usavam dipropionato beclometasona inalação oral. No momento em que aceitaram participar da pesquisa, a inalação oral foi substituída pela inalação exclusivamente nasal na inspiração e, após 1 mês, associou-se ao tratamento fonoaudiológico em metade dos pacientes. Esses receberam 16 sessões de tratamento fonoaudiológico em 8 semanas, além do dipropionato de beclometasona inalação exclusivamente nasal (grupo DBF). O grupo de comparação recebeu somente dipropionato beclometasona inalação exclusivamente nasal (grupo DBI). Os dois grupos foram avaliados em cinco tempos. Utilizou-se o escore clínico da rinite alérgica, da asma, o protocolo de avaliação miofuncional orofacial adaptado de Marchesan (2003), a observação dos responsáveis, dados de espirometria, de pico de fluxo inspiratório e de pico de fluxo expiratório. RESULTADOS: Houve melhora significativa do grupo DBF: escores clínicos da asma no tempo 5 (p = 0,046); valores do pico de fluxo inspiratório no tempo 4 (p = 0,030); pico de fluxo expiratório no tempo 3 (p = 0,008); modo respiratório e postura de lábios (p = 0,000) a partir do tempo 3; observação dos responsáveis, no tempo 2, tempo 4 e tempo 5 (p = 0,010; p = 0,027; p = 0,030). CONCLUSÕES: O tratamento fonoaudiológico associado ao dipropionato beclometasona por inalação exclusivamente nasal promoveu um controle clínico e funcional mais precoce e duradouro da asma, da rinite alérgica e da respiração oral entre os grupos estudados.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of speech therapy on asthma and allergic rhinitis control in mouth breathing children and adolescents. METHODS: This was a quasi-experimental randomized study of 24 mouth breathing patients with asthma and allergic rhinitis, aged from 6 to 15 years. All patients were taking beclomethasone diproprionate through oral inhalation at the start of the study. At enrollment on the study, oral inhalation was substituted with exclusively nasal inhalation and 1 month later half of the patients began speech therapy. They attended 16 speech therapy sessions in 8 weeks and continued taking beclomethasone dipropionate through exclusively nasal inhalation (BDT group). The comparison group received only beclomethasone diproprionate through exclusively nasal inhalation (BDI group). Both groups were assessed five times. Clinical scores were calculated for allergic rhinitis and asthma, an adapted version of the Marchesan orofacial myofunctional assessment protocol was applied, and parents/guardians' observations were recorded, in addition to spirometry measurements of peak inspiratory and peak expiratory flow. RESULTS: There were significant improvements in the BDT group: clinical asthma score at T5 (p = 0.046); peak inspiratory flow at T4 (p = 0.030); peak expiratory flow at T3 (p = 0.008); breathing mode and lip position (p = 0.000) from T3 onwards; and parents/guardians' observations at T2, T4, and T5 (p = 0.010; p = 0.027; p = 0.030). CONCLUSIONS: Speech therapy in combination with beclomethasone diproprionate through exclusively nasal inhalation resulted in earlier and longer-lasting clinical and functional control of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and mouth breathing than was achieved in the group that only took beclomethasone diproprionate.

The impact of speech therapy on asthma and allergic rhinitis control in mouth breathing children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of speech therapy on asthma and allergic rhinitis control in mouth breathing children and adolescents. METHODS: This was a quasi-experimental randomized study of 24 mouth breathing patients with asthma and allergic rhinitis, aged from 6 to 15 years. All patients were taking beclomethasone diproprionate through oral inhalation at the start of the study. At enrollment on the study, oral inhalation was substituted with exclusively nasal inhalation and 1 month later half of the patients began speech therapy. They attended 16 speech therapy sessions in 8 weeks and continued taking beclomethasone dipropionate through exclusively nasal inhalation (BDT group). The comparison group received only beclomethasone diproprionate through exclusively nasal inhalation (BDI group). Both groups were assessed five times. Clinical scores were calculated for allergic rhinitis and asthma, an adapted version of the Marchesan orofacial myofunctional assessment protocol was applied, and parents/guardians' observations were recorded, in addition to spirometry measurements of peak inspiratory and peak expiratory flow. RESULTS: There were significant improvements in the BDT group: clinical asthma score at T5 (p = 0.046); peak inspiratory flow at T4 (p = 0.030); peak expiratory flow at T3 (p = 0.008); breathing mode and lip position (p = 0.000) from T3 onwards; and parents/guardians' observations at T2, T4, and T5 (p = 0.010; p = 0.027; p = 0.030). CONCLUSIONS: Speech therapy in combination with beclomethasone diproprionate through exclusively nasal inhalation resulted in earlier and longer-lasting clinical and functional control of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and mouth breathing than was achieved in the group that only took beclomethasone diproprionate.